According to this historiography, the local elites played a dominant role in the modern period, as founders of the modern Middle East nations such as Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, Tunus, and Algeria, operating solely within a local “proto-nationalist” environment with no indication of influence from other events taking place within the Ottoman Empire as a whole. Nationalist historiography of Middle Eastern countries places the end of the Ottoman period with the arrival of Napoleon in Egypt in 1798. The main accomplishment of these writings was the reintegration of the Ottoman past into the history of the modern Middle East. These works criticized nationalistic approaches that treated the Ottomans similarly to Western colonial powers and blamed them for much of the violence that took place in the 19 th and 20 th century. New York: Routledge, 2014, 294 pages, $121.40, ISBN: 9780415728188.īeginning in the early 1980s, a number of works were published on the Arab provinces.
War and State Formation in Syria: Cemal Pasha’s Governorate During World War I, 1914-1917 The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516-1918:
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